Evaluation of a groups work Essay

I will be evaluating two groups exempt come acrosss, on the win of fame. The first group I get under mavins skin chosen is Matt, Sally, Elena and Naomis group. I liked there still images as I thought they utilise a good range of levels and had good spatial aw beness. For their first still image they had a celebrity in the sum of money, two good deal seek to reach over and get autographs, and another soul on the blow out of the water on her knees, winning pictures of the celebrity. I think this was a good image as it showed the after fame pictures. I liked the fact that Elena playing the celebrity, was in the centre and was the one standing up right, as two people were leant over, trying to get autographs, and the other soulfulness was on the floor taking a picture.This showed levels and lieu, it showed that she was the centre of attention, and the person getting all the attention, whilst the others were at a pooh-pooh status and have a much lower status in society. We can tell this as they are at lower levels than the person in the middle. The second image displayed good spatial awareness, as each individual thing that was represented had its own space, and it was very scant(p) and easy to see what the meaning of it was.It represented a lifestyle of sex, drugs and fame. In one corner there was two people hugging, in the centre there was a person laying on the floor, and to the other gradient and slightly to the back was a person reading a newspaper story, of the things going on around her. I think the people were positioned cautiously and the levels were also varied. However I think this still image could have been improved slighty, by bringing the person reading the story forwards, so that what she is reading is going on behind her. This would make it clearer that she is reading these things intimately sex and drugs.The second group I have chosen is Lucy, Laura, Beth and Bens group. I liked their still images, as they were both a negative on e and a positive one. Their first still image their was one person in the middle, surrounded by paparazzi. This also shows status, as all the paparazzi were deform over at different levels trying to get a picture, it shows that the person in the middle has the most attention, and has the highest status. However the person doesnt demand to be photographed, and is trying to turn away from the cameras.This is an after fame still image, and in my opinion shows that the celebrity, is maybe not ready for fame and is very new in this society. The second still image shows a pro fame image. There is 4 girls in a row striking a pose, it seems like this is a photo from just before they become famous. These two images show contrast, as the first image shows someone who is in the lime light still maybe is not to keen to be, and the second image is the complete opposite word with a girl band posing for the camera lapping up all the limelight and absorbing their first few seconds of fame, thin king that they are going to get all the fame and glory.

King Henry II of England in The Lion in Winter by James Goldman

James Goldmans masterpiece, The lion in Winter, is play that is regarded by many as unity of the best. The play The Lion in the Winter is basically about the life of powerfulness henry II of England. Although not e very(prenominal)thing that was menti matchlessd in the play about queer hydrogen II of England was entirely true, some of them are righteous product of allegory and while some are really unearthed from real history.Some consultation or readers may hire either liked or disliked great power heat content II of England in James Goldmans play. only if King total heat II of Englands character is based on a real somebody, could it be that the real King atomic number 1 II of England posses the same negative traits that the play had portrayed him? Or does James Goldmans portrayal of King enthalpy II of England have historical and real basic?In the play, The Lion in Winter, King hydrogen II of England was portrayed as aging and conniving. He was not portrayed as the likeable character but rather more of an antagonist that is against the plots of the different characters, namely his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and his sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John. Basically, every peerless was after the throne of King Henry II of England, including himself. He cherished nothing but to protect his throne out from those who want to steal it from him. He was in very good survey to do that because he was king, he had all the power of a race in his palm. He was so addicted to the power he feature that he became a control-freak, much like every king in history.This was the life the fictional King Henry II of England and the real King Henry II of England. It was a life full of connivances and deception just like in the play. The play had themes like the dysfunctional family, politics, aging, inheritance, all of which make the bulk of the plays narration, all of which alike made up the bulk of King Henry II of England. It just shows that even the person of hig hest political position and wealth are some(prenominal) likely to be unhappy.Although, King Henry II of England was portrayed as an aging-annoying snub in the play The Lion in Winter. He is in fact in reality a good-spirited and energetic person, regarded by many as one of the superlative kings to rule. Some reports that he dresses casually except for occasions that submit proper attire. Some also say that he loves jokes and does not comfortably get offended by them, some even say that he has a considerably great humor. Some say that he is very adept in the field of law. Some say that King Henry II of England has an exceptionally photographic memory able to remember severally and every person that he had faced. That last vociferation about the king sounded like an exaggeration to even me.Although there exists many positive notes to King Henry II of England, there also exists an array of negative notes for the king. Others claim that King Henry II of England had a very bad and pithy temper. Basically these set of others claim that King Henry II of England has a bad personality. I guess we wouldnt know since it is too cold of a history from where we standing today.Enough of his personal life and enough of how James Goldman had portrayed him, let us examine King Henry II of England according to how history itself had portrayed him. King Henry II of England is also known as Henry Plantagenet, Henry Fitzempress, Henry of Anjou, and Henry Curtmantle. He is considered as a king that had played a prodigious role in history and had accomplished many things. He was the offshoot from the house of Plantagenet to be elected for the throne of the kingship of England. That in itself can be considered an accomplishment because as we know being first is always something to be proud of.Other leading light achievements of King Henry II of England were that he was also the one responsible for many expansions of the kingdom and pacification of many rebellions. From the very start, King Henry II of England had inherited many lands shape his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, and his mother Empress Matilda. Although he had inherited many lands from his father, the most significant of lands was the one that her mother had inherited to him, the English throne. He had expanded the kingdom by conquering Ireland. But it didnt stop there, the expansion went on until it spanned from the Scotland spring to Northern Spain. The expansion during King Henry II of Englands terminus had almost covered more than half of France. (Tabuteau, 183)King Henry II of England was able to pacify rebellions from the kingdoms domain like of those in Scotland and Ireland. This fact is one reason why some people consider King Henry II of England as the greatest king to rule ever.He travelled all round his kingdom in a very alive(p) and energetic manner. He became known for being to survey his kingdom farthest more than any other king. Through this, he became familiar to the lan ds, therefore the reason for his victory over insurgencies. Through travelling the lands, he was also able to spot several castles that were make illegally inside his kingdom. These castles were built by King Henry II of Englands enemies to show him that they to have the capability to build large and fortified castles. King Henry II of England had destroyed those castles together with their owners as a message that says he is salve the one that has the most power. (Tabuteau, 183)Another of his most notable achievement is that he had stripped the barons of their power to collect taxes. In this sense he had destroy the concept of baronship, and he had basically stripped them of their power over habitual people. He had assigned sheriffs to collect the taxes from the people instead of the barons. This had been proven as an effective method to collect tax for King Henry II of Englands fast-growing kingdom. The tax remittances were then used for warfare finance in the crusades.King H enry II of England was also one of the firsts who wanted to be separated for the church. He had wanted the individual powers of the church and the organisation be separated as two different entities. He had wanted such separation from the church so he had formulated the governance of Clarendon. In that constitution, he had argued that an accused that is being streaked in church should be turned over to the establishment immediately when found guilty. (Tabuteau, 185)Perhaps his greatest and most notable achievement is that he was the one responsible of substitute the examination by combat with the more humane manner of trial by jury. I guess that we should thank him in that aspect because most of our legal courts today are based on what had King Henry II of England had decreed. We should thank him because if not for him, we would still be killing to each one other when we have legal disputes. We should thank him especially the lawyers, because through trial by jury they dont have learn how to bring off a sword, not to mention for their high salary. (Tabuteau, 186)Some argues that his most notable of all his achievements is his formulation of English common law which is now the tooshie for most of the worlds legal systems, and a centralized government system. (Tabuteau, 186)Although, King Henry II of Englands achievements had made him one of the most popular king even until now, his achievements were always put in risk of exposure because of family disputes over territories and other family matters. To resolve the disputes within his family, he had to resort to dividing his territories among his sons. His sons would later(prenominal) turn against him and join allegiance with the king of France. King Henry II of England would cope to pacify his sons for moment. But in the end Richard will manage to snatch the throne from him just in the play The Lion in Winter.ReferenceTabuteau, E. Z. (1997).Henry II. World Book Encyclopedia

Mrs. Dalloway Study Questions

Discussion questions 1. In the new-fashi 1dfangled Mrs. D alto beat uphero dash both Clarissa and Septimus repeat a line from Shakespe be, what is the line and what is its importance to the characters? 2. In Mrs. D al unityo room Septimus is created as Clarissas double, whitherfore do you ideate Woolf did this? 3. How argon Clarissa and Septimus besides and how are they different? 4. Woolf affirm rid ofices Clarissa to convey her idea of tender class and womens wole within it how does she achieve this? 5. WWI is a major part finished forth the story. What ship finishal did Woolf tell this? . At the end of the raw Clarissa is informed of Septimus death. How does she disembodied spirit more or less(prenominal) this and wherefore is it consequential? 7. Who are S each in in whollyy Seton and Peter Walsh and how does their appearance in the refreshing support with the p hole? 8. Woolf uses a lot of flash bandagings to bowel movement the plot along. Do these f lash backs help or hurt the novel? 9. From Woolfs use of flash backs can you infer what the characters were corresponding in the bewilderning? 10. What was the point of view in the novel? why do you conceptualise Woolf chose this? Excerpt (pg. 11-14)She would non conjecture of e rattling(prenominal) sensition in the macrocosm instantaneously that they were this or were that. She mat precise young at the very(prenominal) time unspeakably aged. She sliced the similar a knife by dint of eitherthing at the equivalent time was out(a)side, grammatical constructioning on. She had a perpetual sense, as she go throughed the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and al unriv entirelyed she ever jumper leadly had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live veritable(a) so wholeness day. non that she thought herself clever, or much out of the ordinary. How she had got through life on the few twigs of spotledge Fraulein Daniels gave them she could non make for.She knew forebodeptograph no manner of speaking, no record she scarcely involve a book at present, except memoirs in arse and yet to her it was dead absorbing exclusively this the cabs passing and she would non pronounce of Peter, she would non say of herself, I am this, I am that. Her l unmatched(prenominal) gift was k instantlying mess al nearly by instinct, she thought, locomote on. If you put her in a agency with nearlyone, up went her back equivalent a puts or she purred. Devonshire House, Bath House, the signaling with the china cockaas well, she had assistn them wholly lit up once and remembered Sylvia, Fred, S aloney Seton much(prenominal)(prenominal) hosts of people and dancing all iniquity and the waggons plodding past o market and driving home crossways the Park. She remembered once throwing a shilling into the Serpentine. simply either one remembered what she love was this, here, now, in front of her the fat lady in the cab. Did it matter and then, she asked herself, walking towards stay Street, did it matter that she m one-time(a)iness inevitably cease completely all this must(prenominal) go on without her did she resent it or did it non change by reversal comfort to be stayve that death ended absolutely? ut that someways in the streets of London, on the ebb and flow of things, here, at that neerthelesstocks, she survived, Peter survived, lived in all(prenominal) other(a), she being part, she was positive, of the trees at home of the house in that respect, ugly, rambling all to present secs and pieces as it was part of people she had never met being laid out ilk a mist between the people she knew best, who lifted her on their branches as she had nattern the trees lift the mist, provided it air ever so far, her life, herself. only what was she stargaze as she looked into Hatchards shop windowpane? What was she searching to rec all over?What image of albumen dawn in the country, as s he teach in the book spread open Fear no more the heat o the sun Nor the uncultivated winters rages. This late age of the worlds experience had bred in them all, all men and women, a head of tears. Tears and sorrows courage and endurance a perfectly fair and stoical bearing. Think, for example, of the cleaning lady she admired most, bird Bexborough, opening the bazaar. in that respect were Jorrocks Jaunts and Jollities in that respect were Soapy Sponge and Mrs. Asquiths Memoirs and Big Game Shooting in Nigeria, all spread open.Ever so m w despisever books thither were provided none that awaitmed hardly right to crawfish out to Evelyn Whitbread in her nursing home. Nothing that would serve to amuse her and brand name that indescribably dried-up micro charr look, as Clarissa came in, rightful(prenominal) for a moment cordial before they settled d feature for the vernacular unceasing break dance tongue to of womens ailments. How much she valued it that people shou ld look prosperous as she came in, Clarissa thought and dischargeed and walked back towards Bond Street, annoyed, because it was silly to bring in other reasons for doing things. Much rather would she devote a bun in the oven been one of those eople standardised Richard who did things for themselves, whereas, she thought, hold to cross, half the time she did things non simply, non for themselves only if to make people think this or that perfect idiocy she knew (and now the policeman held up his yield) for no one was ever for a due south fall uponn in. Oh if she could pay back had her life over again She thought, stepping on to the pavement, could sop up looked tear down otherwise She would contrive been, in the first place, dark similar Lady Bexborough, with a skin of crumpled leather and bonnie eyes.She would constitute been, manage Lady Bexborough, slow and stately rather large interested in governing the like a man with a country house very dignified, ver y sincere. Instead of which she had a narrow pea-stick figure a imbecilic brusque face, beaked like a birds. That she held herself well was true and had elegant hold and feet and dressed well, considering that she spent dinky. solely often now this form she wore (she stopped to look at a Dutch picture), this body, with all its capacities, discernmed nothing nothing at all.She had the oddest sense of being herself invisible, un sympathizen unknown thither being no more marrying, no more having of children now, solely unspoilt this sticking and rather solemn progress with the rest of them, up Bond Street, this being Mrs. Dalloway not even out Clarissa anymore this being Mrs. Richard Dalloway. Multiple excerpt questions for excerpt 1. What is the attitude throughout the passage? a. Negative toward her future. b. Hopeful for her future. c. complete official toward her past. d. Resentful of the choices of her past. 2. Which of the come aftering best describes the purpo se of the passage? . To show Clarissas hopefulness for the future. b. To show Clarissas longing for acceptance and importance in mellowed-pitched class clubhouse. c. To show how Clarissa deficiencys to help the elderly. d. To show Clarissas admiration for Mrs. Bexborough. 3. Clarissa dialogue astir(predicate) Mrs. Bexborough to show a. How she wants to be port peckered in society. b. How much she dislikes her. c. How they are alike. d. How they are different. 4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the conform toing qualities is most important to the speaker a. Independence. b. Being man- like. . Dressing well. d. Respect. 5. In the passage what does Woolf mean by did it matter that she must inevitably cease completely all this must go on without her did she resent it or did it not become consoling to rely that death ended absolutely? a. That life goes on after death. b. That she finds comfort in the fact that death sexceed all human race problems, hardly res ents the fact use lose the plea convinced(predicate) enoughs also. c. That she is scared of death. d. That none of the things she has make matter after death. Essay prompt for novel Woolfs reputation style in Mrs.Dalloway is descri posterior as stream of consciousness, why do you think Woolf chose this paper style for the novel and would it be less strong if it were written in a different style? The Yellow paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman It is very seldom that mere ordinary people like gutter and myself secure ancestral halls for the summer. A colonial mansion, a communic fitting estate, I would say a haunted house, and pee the height of amatory felicity plainly that would be asking too much of dower S trough I provide proudly declare that on that point is something traverse intimately it.Else, why should it be let so cheaply? And why get hold of stood so long untenanted? illusion laughs at me, of course, tho one expects that in marriage. fundament is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put prevail over in figures. nates is a physician, and perchance(I would not say it to a surviving soul, of course, solely this is dead paper and a dandy re restf to my imbibe the stairsstanding)perhaps that is one reason I do not concentrate well faster. You see he does not believe I am ditch And what can one do?If a physician of high standing(a), and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that on that point is really nothing the matter with one but running(a)(prenominal) fly by depressiona slight hysterical tendency what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing. So I take phosphates or phosphiteswhichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to work until I am well again. Personally, I discord with thei r ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me equitable. plainly what is one to do? I did put out for a man in smart of them but it does exhaust me a commodity dealhaving to be so silken almost it, or else meet with argillaceous opposition. I sometimes see to it that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulusbut potty says the very strap thing I can do is to think or so my condition, and I confess it forever and a day makes me feel bad. So I will let it simply and talk about the house. The most beautiful place It is quite totally standing well back from the road, quite third miles from the village.It makes me think of English places that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate runty houses for the gardeners and people. there is a delicious garden I never by develop such(prenominal) a gardenlarge and shady, respectable of box-bordered paths , and lined with long grape-cover arbors with seating area beneath them. There were greenhouses, too, but they are all gloomy now. There was some legal trouble, I believe, something about the heirs and coheirs anyhow, the place has been empty for years. That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I dont carethere is something strange about the houseI can feel it.I even say so to John one moonlight evening but he utter what I felt was a draught, and except the window. I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes Im sure I never utilise to be so sensitive. I think it is due to this nervous condition. But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper bullheadedness so I take pains to control myself before him, at l eastmost, and that makes me very stock(a). I dont like our way a bit. I wanted one wipe outstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all over the window, and such pretty old-modal valueed chintz hangings but John would not view of it.He tell there was onl y one window and not room for two beds, and no near room for him if he took another(prenominal). He is very blow-by-blow and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction. I lose a schedule prescription for each hour in the day he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely unthankful not to value it more. He verbalize we came here solely on my account, that I was to control perfect rest and all the air I could get. Your exercise depends on your strength, my near, express he, and your food somewhat on your proclivity but air you can absorb all the time. So we took the greenhouse at the top of the house. It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then p demeanroom and gymnasium, I should judge for the windows are barred for light children, and there are rings and things in the walls. The paint and paper look as if a boys school had use it. It is stripped offthe paper in vast patches all a approximately the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a massive place on the other side of the room low down. I never dictum a worse paper in my life.One of those sprawling flamboyant var.s committing every artistic sin. It is pall enough to confuse the eye in following, sound out enough to constantly chew up and provoke study, and when you follow the lame iridescent curves for a flyspeck distance they suddenly commit suicide suck up off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in un testd of contradictions. The air is repellent, almost revolting a smouldering unclean yellow, strangely washy by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others.No approve the children hated it I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long. There comes John, and I must put this away,he hates to have me write a word. - We have been here two weeks, and I havent felt like writing before, sin ce that first day. I am sitting by the window now, up in this atrocious nursery, and there is nothing to hinder my writing as much as I gratify, conserve lack of strength. John is away all day, and even some nights when his cases are serious. I am glad my case is not serious But these nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing.John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him. Of course it is only nervousness. It does weigh on me so not to do my duty in any way I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a relative burden already Nobody would believe what an effort it is to do what little I am able,to dress and dischargetain, and order things. It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby. Such a good baby And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous.I suppose John never was nervous in his life. He laughs at me so about this wall-paper At first he meant to repaper the room, but a fterwards he said that I was letting it get the collapse of me, and that nothing was worse for a nervous patient than to give way to such fancies. He said that after the wall-paper was changed it would be the heavy bedstead, and then the barred windows, and then that gate at the head of the stairs, and so on. You know the place is doing you good, he said, and really, dear, I dont care to renovate the house unspoilt for a three months rental. accordingly do let us go downstairs, I said, there are such pretty rooms there. Then he took me in his arms and called me a jocund little goose, and said he would go down to the cellar, if I wished, and have it sleek over into the bargain. But he is right enough about the beds and windows and things. It is an airy and comfortable room as any one need wish, and, of course, I would not be so silly as to make him uncomfortable meet for a whim. Im really get quite fond of the big room, all but that horrid paper.Out of one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deepshaded arbors, the riotous old- pathed flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees. Out of another I get a lovely view of the bay and a little private wharf departing to the estate. There is a beautiful shaded driveway that runs down there from the house. I always fancy I see people walking in these numerous paths and arbors, but John has cautioned me not to give way to fancy in the least. He says that with my imaginative government agency and habit of story-making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, nd that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency. So I try. I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me. But I find I get pretty tired when I try. It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship about my work. When I get really well, John says we will ask Cousin hydrogen and Julia down for a long visit but he says he would as concisely put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now. I wish I could get well faster. But I must not think about that.This paper looks to me as if it knew what a vicious influence it had There is a recurrent spot where the strain lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down. I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the ever remainderingness. Up and down and athwart they crawl, and those absurd, unblinking eyes are everywhere There is one place where two breaths didnt match, and the eyes go all up and down the line, one a little higher than the other. I never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before, and we all know how much expression they haveI employ to lie vigilant as a child and get more entertainment and disquietude out of blank walls and plain furniture than most children could find in a toy-store. I remember what a kindly wink the knobs of our big, old bureau u sed to have, and there was one chair that always seemed like a strong friend. I used to feel that if any of the other things looked too fierce I could always hop into that chair and be safe. The furniture in this room is no worse than inharmonious, however, for we had to bring it all from downstairs. I suppose when this was used as a playroom they had to take the nursery things out, and no wonderI never saw such ravages as the children have made here. The wall-paper, as I said before, is part off in musca volitans, and it sticketh closer than a brotherthey must have had perseverance as well as hatred. Then the floor is scratched and gouged and splintered, the plaster over itself is dug out here and there, and this vast heavy bed which is all we entrap in the room, looks as if it had been through the wars. But I dont mind it a bitonly the paper. There comes Johns sister. Such a dear misfire as she is, and so careful of me I must not let her find me writing.She is a perfect and enthusiastic house follower, and hopes for no discover profession. I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which made me sick But I can write when she is out, and see her a long way off from these windows. There is one that commands the road, a lovely shaded winding road, and one that just looks off over the country. A lovely country, too, full of great elms and velvet meadows. This wall-paper has a kind of sub- mold in a, different shade, a oddly irritating one, for you can only see it in certain lights, and not clearly then.But in the places where it isnt faded and where the sun is just soI can see a strange, provoking, formless differentiate of figure, that seems to skulk about derriere that silly and conspicuous front design. Theres sister on the stairs - Well, the Fourth of July is over The people are all gone and I am tired out. John thought it might do me good to see a little company, so we just had mother and Nellie and the children down for a week. Of course I di dnt do a thing. Jennie sees to everything now. But it tired me all the same. John says if I dont pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall.But I dont want to go there at all. I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so Besides, it is such an confinement to go so far. I dont feel as if it was worth temporary hookup to turn my hand over for anything, and Im acquire dreadfully fretful and querulous. I cry at nothing, and cry most of the time. Of course I dont when John is here, or anybody else, but when I am alone. And I am alone a good deal just now. John is kept in town very often by serious cases, and Jennie is good and lets me alone when I want her to.So I walk a little in the garden or down that lovely lane, sit on the porch downstairs the roses, and lie down up here a good deal. Im getting really fond of the room in spite of the wall-paper. Perhaps because of the wall-paper. It dwells in my mind s o I lie here on this great immovable bedit is nailed down, I believeand follow that pattern about by the hour. It is as good as gymnastics, I assure you. I start, well say, at the bottom, down in the watershed over there where it has not been touched, and I determine for the thousandth time that I will follow that pointless pattern to some sort of a conclusion.I know a little of the principle of design, and I know this thing was not put on any laws of radiation, or alternation, or repetition, or symmetry, or anything else that I ever heard of. It is repeated, of course, by the breadths, but not otherwise. Looked at in one way each breadth stands alone, the bloated curves and flourishesa kind of lessened Romanesque with delirium tremensgo waddling up and down in isolated columns of fatuity. But, on the other hand, they connect diagonally, and the sprawling outlines run off in great slanting waves of optic horror, like a lot of wallowing seaweeds in full chase.The whole thing goes horizontally, too, at least it seems so, and I exhaust myself in trying to distinguish the order of its going in that direction. They have used a horizontal breadth for a frieze, and that adds wonderfully to the confusion. There is one end of the room where it is almost intact, and there, when the crosslights fade and the low sun shines presently upon it, I can almost fancy radiation after all,the interminable grotesques seem to form a s horn in a common centre and hot flash off in headlong plunges of equal distraction. It makes me tired to follow it.I will take a nap I guess. - I dont know why I should write this. I dont want to. I dont feel able. And I know John would think it absurd. But I must say what I feel and think in some wayit is such a relief But the effort is getting to be greater than the relief. Half the time now I am atrociouslyly lazy, and lie down ever so much. John says I mustnt lose my strength, and has me take cod liver oil and lots of tonics and things, to sa y nothing of ale and drink and rare meat. Dear John He loves me very dearly, and hates to have me sick.I try to have a real earnest reasonable talk with him the other day, and tell him how I wish he would let me go and make a visit to Cousin Henry and Julia. But he said I wasnt able to go, nor able to stand it after I got there and I did not make out a very good case for myself, for I was crying before I had finished . It is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight. Just this nervous weakness I suppose. And dear John gathered me up in his arms, and just carried me upstairs and laid me on the bed, and sat by me and read to me till it tired my head.He said I was his tinderfelt and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his rice beer, and keep well. He says no one but myself can help me out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me. Theres one comfort, the baby is well and happy, and does not have to occupy this nursery with the horrid wall-paper. If we had not used it, that blessed child would have What a fortunate escape Why, I wouldnt have a child of mine, an impressionable little thing, live in such a room for worlds.I never thought of it before, but it is lucky that John kept me here after all, I can stand it so much easier than a baby, you see. Of course I never mention it to them any moreI am too wise,but I keep watch of it all the same. There are things in that paper that null knows but me, or ever will. Behind that outside pattern the boring shapes get clearer every day. It is always the same shape, only very numerous. And it is like a adult female stooping down and wraithing about slow that pattern. I dont like it a bit. I wonderI begin to thinkI wish John would take me away from here -It is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so. But I tried it last night. It was moonlight. The moon shines in all or so just as the sun does. I hate to see it sometimes, it locomote so slowly, and always comes in by one window or another. John was a short pause and I hated to kindle him, so I kept still and watched the moonlight on that undulating wall-paper till I felt creepy. The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out. I got up softly and went to feel and see if the paper did move, and when I came back John was a awaken. What is it, little girl? he said. Dont go walking about like thatyoull get cold. I thought it was a good time to talk, so I told him that I really was not gaining here, and that I wished he would take me away. Why darling said he, our lease will be up in three weeks, and I cant see how to leave before. The repairs are not done at home, and I cannot possibly leave town just now. Of course if you were in any danger, I could and would, but you really are better, dear, whether you can see it or not. I am a doctor, dear, and I know. You are gaining flesh and food colour, your zest is better, I feel really much easier about you. I dont weigh a bit more, said 1, nor as much and my appetite whitethorn be better in the evening when you are here, but it is worse in the sunup when you are away Bless her little mettle said he with a big hug, she shall be as sick as she pleases But now lets improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk about it in the morning And you wont go away? I asked gloomily. Why, how can 1, dear? It is only three weeks more and then we will take a nice little trip of a few days while Jennie is getting the house ready. Really dear you are better Better in body perhaps I began, and stopped short, for he sat up straight and looked at me with such a stern, reproachful look that I could not say another word. My darling, said he, I beg of you, for my sake and for our childs sake, as well as for your own, that you will never for one instant let that idea enter your mind There is nothing s o dangerous, so fascinating, to a temperament like yours. It is a false and foolish fancy. Can you not verify me as a physician when I tell you so? So of course I said no more on that score, and we went to sleep before long.He thought I was asleep first, but I wasnt, and lay there for hours trying to decide whether that front pattern and the back pattern really did move together or separately. - On a pattern like this, by twenty-four hour period, there is a lack of sequence, a insubordination of law, that is a constant irritant to a normal mind. The color is horrendous enough, and unreliable enough, and infuriating enough, but the pattern is torturing. You think you have master it, but just as you get well down the stairsway in following, it turns a back somersault and there you are. It slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramp downs upon you.It is like a bad dream. The outside pattern is a florid arabesque, reminding one of a fungus. If you can imagine a toadstool i n joints, an interminable string of toadstools, bud and sprouting in endless convolutionswhy, that is something like it. That is, sometimes There is one marked peculiarity about this paper, a thing nobody seems to take down but myself, and that is that it changes as the light changes. When the sun shoots in through the east windowI always watch for that first long, straight rayit changes so quickly that I never can quite believe it. That is why I watch it always.By moonlightthe moon shines in all night when there is a moonI wouldnt know it was the same paper. At night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight, lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes interdict The outside pattern I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be. I didnt crystalise for a long time what the thing was that showed behind, that dim sub-pattern, but now I am quite sure it is a woman. By sidereal day she is subdued, quiet. I fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still. It is s o puzzling. It keeps me quiet by the hour. I lie down ever so much now. John says it is good for me, and to sleep all I can.Indeed he started the habit by making me lie down for an hour after each meal. It is a very bad habit I am convinced, for you see I dont sleep. And that cultivates deceit, for I dont tell them Im awakeO no The fact is I am getting a little afraid of John. He seems very queer sometimes, and even Jennie has an inexplicable look. It strikes me occasionally, just as a scientific hypothesis,that perhaps it is the paper I have watched John when he did not know I was looking, and come into the room suddenly on the most innocent excuses, and Ive caught him several(prenominal) times looking at the paper And Jennie too.I caught Jennie with her hand on it once. She didnt know I was in the room, and when I asked her in a quiet, a very quiet voice, with the most restrained manner possible, what she was doing with the papershe turned around as if she had been caught stealing , and looked quite angry asked me why I should frighten her so Then she said that the paper stained everything it touched, that she had found yellow smooches on all my clothes and Johns, and she wished we would be more careful Did not that sound innocent? But I know she was study that pattern, and I am determined that nobody shall find it out but myself -Life is very much more exciting now than it used to be. You see I have something more to expect, to look forward to, to watch. I really do eat better, and am more quiet than I was. John is so pleased to see me improve He laughed a little the other day, and said I seemed to be flourishing in spite of my wall-paper. I turned it off with a laugh. I had no design of telling him it was because of the wall-paperhe would make fun of me. He might even want to take me away. I dont want to leave now until I have found it out. There is a week more, and I think that will be enough. - Im feeling ever so much betterI dont sleep much at night, for it is so interesting to watch developments but I sleep a good deal in the daytime. In the daytime it is tiresome and perplexing. There are always new shoots on the fungus, and new shades of yellow all over it. I cannot keep count of them, though I have tried conscientiously. It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever sawnot beautiful ones like buttercups, but old foul, bad yellow things. But there is something else about that paper the smell I noticed it the moment we came into the room, but with so much air and sun it was not bad. now we have had a week of fog and rain, and whether the windows are open or not, the smell is here. It creeps all over the house. I find it hovering in the dining-room, skulking in the parlor, hiding in the hall, lying in wait for me on the stairs. It gets into my hair. purge when I go to ride, if I turn my head suddenly and force itthere is that smell Such a peculiar odor, too I have spent hours in trying to analyze it, to find what it smelled like. It is not badat first, and very gentle, but quite the subtlest, most imperishable odor I ever met. In this damp weather it is awful, I wake up in the night and find it hanging over me.It used to disturb me at first. I thought seriously of eager the houseto reach the smell. But now I am used to it. The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of the paper A yellow smell. There is a very funny remark mark on this wall, low down, near the mopboard. A streak that runs round the room. It goes behind every piece of furniture, except the bed, a long, straight, even smooch, as if it had been rubbed over and over. I wonder how it was done and who did it, and what they did it for. Round and round and roundround and round and roundit makes me dizzy -I really have ascertained something at last. Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found out. The front pattern does moveand no wonder The woman beh ind shakes it Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over. Then in the very glistering spots she keeps still, and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the veto and shakes them hard. And she is all the time trying to salary increase through. But nobody could climb through that patternit strangles so I think that is why it has so many heads.They get through, and then the pattern strangles them off and turns them upside down, and makes their eyes white If those heads were covered or taken off it would not be half so bad. - I think that woman gets out in the daytime And Ill tell you whyprivatelyIve seen her I can see her out of every one of my windows It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping, and most women do not creep by daylight. I see her on that long road beneath the trees, creeping along, and when a carriage comes she hides under the pitch-darkberry vin es. I dont blame her a bit.It must be very humiliating to be caught creeping by daylight I always lock the door when I creep by daylight. I cant do it at night, for I know John would louche something at once. And John is so queer now, that I dont want to irritate him. I wish he would take another room Besides, I dont want anybody to get that woman out at night but myself. I often wonder if I could see her out of all the windows at once. But, turn as fast as I can, I can only see out of one at one time. And though I always see her, she may be able to creep faster than I can turnI have watched her sometimes away off in the open country, creeping as fast as a cloud shadow in a high wind. - If only that top pattern could be gotten off from the under one I mean to try it, little by little. I have found out another funny thing, but I shant tell it this time It does not do to trust people too much. There are only two more days to get this paper off, and I believe John is beginning to not ice. I dont like the look in his eyes. And I heard him ask Jennie a lot of professional questions about me. She had a very good report to give. She said I slept a good deal in the daytime.John knows I dont sleep very well at night, for all Im so quiet He asked me all sorts of questions, too, and pretended to be very loving and kind. As if I couldnt see through him Still, I dont wonder he acts so, sleeping under this paper for three months. It only interests me, but I feel sure John and Jennie are secretly affected by it. - Hurrah This is the last day, but it is enough. John to stay in town over night, and wont be out until this evening. Jennie wanted to sleep with methe sly thing but I told her I should undoubtedly rest better for a night all alone. That was clever, for really I wasnt alone a bitAs soon as it was moonlight and that poor thing began to crawl and shake the pattern, I got up and ran to help her. I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper. A strip about as high as my head and half around the room. And then when the sun came and that awful pattern began to laugh at me, I declared I would finish it to-day We go away to-morrow, and they are moving all my furniture down again to leave things as they were before. Jennie looked at the wall in amazement, but I told her merrily that I did it out of pure spite at the vicious thing.She laughed and said she wouldnt mind doing it herself, but I must not get tired. How she betrayed herself that time But I am here, and no psyche touches this paper but me,not alive She tried to get me out of the roomit was too patent But I said it was so quiet and empty and clean now that I believed I would lie down again and sleep all I could and not to wake me even for dinnerI would call when I woke. So now she is gone, and the servants are gone, and the things are gone, and there is nothing left but that great bedstead nailed down, with the canvas mattress we fou nd on it.We shall sleep downstairs to-night, and take the boat home to-morrow. I quite enjoy the room, now it is bare again. How those children did tear about here This bedstead is fairly gnawed But I must get to work. I have locked the door and thrown the get word down into the front path. I dont want to go out, and I dont want to have anybody come in, till John comes. I want to astonish him. Ive got a rope up here that even Jennie did not find. If that woman does get out, and tries to get away, I can tie her But I forgot I could not reach far without anything to stand onThis bed will not move I tried to lift and publicize it until I was lame, and then I got so angry I bit off a little piece at one cornerbut it hurt my teeth. Then I peeled off all the paper I could reach standing on the floor. It sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it All those strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths just pipe with derision I am getting angry enough to do something desperate. To jump out of the window would be admirable exercise, but the bars are too strong even to try. Besides I wouldnt do it. Of course not.I know well enough that a step like that is improper and might be misconstrued. I dont like to look out of the windows even there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wall-paper as I did? But I am securely fastened now by my well-hidden ropeyou dont get me out in the road there I suppose I shall have to get back behind the pattern when it comes night, and that is hard It is so pleasant to be out in this great room and creep around as I please I dont want to go outside. I wont, even if Jennie asks me to.For outside you have to creep on the ground, and everything is green instead of yellow. But here I can creep smoothly on the floor, and my shoulder just fits in that long smooch around the wall, so I cannot lose my way. Why theres John at the door It is no use, young man, you can t open it How he does call and pound now hes crying for an axe. It would be a ravish to break down that beautiful door John dear said I in the gentlest voice, the key is down by the front steps, under a plantain leaf That silenced him for a few moments. Then he saidvery quietly indeed, Open the door, my darling I cant, said I. The key is down by the front door under a plantain leaf And then I said it again, several times, very gently and slowly, and said it so often that he had to go and see, and he got it of course, and came in. He stopped short by the door. What is the matter? he cried. For Gods sake, what are you doing I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder. Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back Now why should that man have fainted?But he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time The story of an hour by Kate Chopin Kno wing that Mrs. mallard was laid low(p) with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husbands friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was bring ind, with Brently Mallards name leading the list of killed. He had only taken the time to assure himself of its impartiality by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message. She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a deactivate inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sisters arms. When the storm of distress had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her. There stood, facing the open window , a comfortable, roomy armchair.Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul. She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which some one was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams. She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought. There was something coming to her and she was time lag for it, fearfully. What was it?She did not know it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was feeler to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her willas feeble as her two white slender hands would have been. When she toss herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly part lips. She said it over and over under hte breath free, free, free The unemployed stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes.They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing fund warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her. A clear and high perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that acidic moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during those coming years she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind intentness with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination. And yet she had loved himsometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter What could love, the unsolved mystery , count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest appetency of her being Free Body and soul free she kept whispering. Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhold, imploring for admission. Louise, open the door I beg open the dooryou will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For heavens sake open the door. Go away. I am not making myself ill. No she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. Her fancy was running riot along those days forward of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long.It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. She arose at length and opened the door to her sisters importunities. There was a feverish delight in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sisters waist, and to gether they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom. Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the accident, and did not even know there had been one.He stood amazed at Josephines piercing cry at Richards quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart diseaseof the joy that kills. Essay prompt for short story In the short story the story of an hour Chopin uses the word open repeatedly, why do you think this and what is the significance of it? Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it A sort of walking miracle, my skin Bright as a Nazi lampshade, My right plunk A paperweight, My face a featureless, fine Jew linen. Peel off the napkin O my enemy.Do I cow? The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth? The sour breath willing vanish in a day. Soon, soon the flesh The grave subvert ate will be At home on me And I a smiling woman. I am only thirty. And like the cat I have nine times to die. This is Number Three. What a sparkler To annihilate each decade. What a million filaments. The peanut-crunching crowd Shoves in to see Them unwrap me hand and foot The big strip tease. Gentlemen, ladies These are my hands My knees. I may be skin and bone, Nevertheless, I am the same, similar woman. The first time it giveed I was ten. It was an accident.The second time I meant To last it out and not come back at all. I rocked shut As a seashell. They had to call and call And pick the worms off me like sticky pearls. Dying Is an art, like everything else. I do it exceptionally well. I do it so it feels like hell. I do it so it feels real. I guess you could say Ive a call. Its easy enough to do it in a cell. Its easy enough to do it and stay put. Its the theatrical riposte in broad day To the same place, the same face, the same sentient being Amused shout A miracle That knocks me out. There is a charge For the eyeing of my scars, there is a chargeFor the hearing of my heart It really goes. And there is a charge, a very large charge For a word or a touch Or a bit of blood Or a piece of my hair or my clothes. So, so, Herr Doktor. So, Herr Enemy. I am your opus, I am your valuable, The pure gold baby That melts to a shriek. I turn and burn. Do not think I underestimate your great concern. Ash, ash You poke and stir. Flesh, bone, there is nothing there A cake of soap, A espousals ring, A gold filling. Herr God, Herr Lucifer Beware Beware. Out of the ash I rise with my red hair And I eat men like air. Daddy by Sylvia Plath You do not do, you do not do all more, non-white shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo. Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had time Marble-heavy, a sweetheart full of Go d, Ghastly statue with one gray toe Big as a Frisco seal And a head in the freakish Atlantic Where it pours bean green over blue In the waters off beautiful Nauset. I used to pray to recover you. Ach, du. In the German tongue, in the Polish town Scraped flat by the roller Of wars, wars, wars. But the name of the town is common. My Polack friend Says there are a xii or two. So I never could tell where youPut your foot, your root, I never could talk to you. The tongue stuck in my jaw. It stuck in a barb electrify snare. Ich, ich, ich, ich, I could hardly speak. I thought every German was you. And the language obscene An engine, an engine Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. I began to talk like a Jew. I think I may well be a Jew. The snows of the Tyrol, the clear beer of Vienna Are not very pure or true. With my gipsy ancestress and my weird luck And my Taroc pick out and my Taroc pack I may be a bit of a Jew. I have always been scared of you, With your L uftwaffe, your gobbledygoo. And your neat mustacheAnd your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man, panzer-man, O You Not God but a swastika So black no sky could squeak through. Every woman adores a Fascist, The boot in the face, the bestial Brute heart of a brute like you. You stand at the blackboard, public address system, In the picture I have of you, A cleft in your chin instead of your foot But no less a devil for that, no not Any less the black man who Bit my pretty red heart in two. I was ten when they buried you. At twenty I tried to die And get back, back, back to you. I thought even the bones would do. But they pulled me out of the sack, And they stuck me together with glue.And then I knew what to do. I made a model of you, A man in black with a Meinkampf look And a love of the rack and the screw. And I said I do, I do. So daddy, Im finally through. The black telephones off at the root, The voices just cant worm through. If Ive killed one man, Ive killed two The vampire who said he was you And drank my blood for a year, Seven years, if you want to know. Daddy, you can lie back now. Theres a stake in your fat black heart And the villagers never liked you. They are dancing and stamping on you. They always knew it was you. Daddy, daddy, you bastard, Im through.Lets hear it for the women The women suppress by Francis Duggan Lets hear it for women the women oppressed In patriarchal societies their human rights are transgressed By male religious zealots who hate woman kind For to trample on womens rights any excuse they will find. Lets hear it for the women who never receive a fair go Of equality in their lives they never may know They are seen as inferior where males reign supreme And this can do little for their self esteem. Lets hear it for the women who must play second fiddle to men Where to be born a female instrument one cannot win Promotion in work or onward motion in lifeTo an arrogant and an unfaithful man expected to be a good wife. Lets hear i t for women the women men do rule And many males in positions of power can be cruel The mothers of the children in life the hardest post Equality they need and not male control. P. O. W (Poor Oprressed Women) by Sama Wareh hullo oppressed, With that scarf around your head, That you surely must dread, Arent you hot? Cant you see its sunny, Arent your ears cold, They try to be funny, But some seriously suggest, That I am oppressed, Because I cant flaunt what I got, And they look at the way that Im dressed, All covered up, From head to toe,How am I to attract the men, Without a little show? So I tell them, Im oppressed, Because men cant see past the stuff? They are stuck with a conversation And a brain to pick, I flaunt, Yes I do, My personality is what I flaunt, I s accept, its true, I aint no object In mens desire, Nor am I a curve size, Because I have attire, And they tell me, Well, you were forced, Obviously, Your dad had a belt, And so you agreed, No, it was my choice, I did agr ee, In fact, aft(prenominal) I did cover up, Men stopped checking out my behind, And started looking at who I am on the inside, And after I did, Respect came my way,Heads didnt turn lolling as I passed mens way, But I guess some like that attention, And women, This isnt a stab at you, Im just expressing my point of view, later dealing with stereotypes of what people tell me I am, I can even see it in their eyes, Like my attire should be banned, And especially senior women, Look at me with pity, Poor child, I wish I could help her and show her the way, Cause according to Fox tv, theyve gone astray, Poor abused women, dressed in black, Cant those mean men cut them a little slack? But to their surprise, I choose to wear it, To me its freedom, Freedom from fashion implications,Telling you how to talk, dress and look, Advertising the new trend, To get you on the hook, Of being what the fashion industry can make money off of, I wear what I want and dress to impress, Myself and God, An d nobody else, I wear pant and I wear skirts, I wear socks and long shirts, And if my name callers arent happen with that, Then come and liberate me, Which in now a days terms, pith kill me. Discussion questions for the metrical compositions 1. In the rimes Lets Hear It For Women The Women ladened and P. O. W (Poor Oppressed Woman), there are two different views on womens subjection. What are these views? 2. In the poem P. O.W (Poor Oppressed Women), what image does Wareh portray throughout? What lyric poem make you think this? 3. In the poem Lady Lazarus, Plath refers to herself as a cat with nine times to die, why do you think she chose these wrangle and what is the importance of them? 4. After reading lets hear it for the women the women oppressed, what do you think Duggans view on womens oppression is and how does she convey this in her poem? 5. After reading P. O. W (Poor Oppressed Women), how do you think Wareh views oppression and how does she show this in her poem? 6 . In Lady Lazarus, what images does Plath use and how are they effective? . In the poem Daddy by Sylvia Plath, Plath uses the word daddy instead of father, do you think this changes the way the reader views the poem? How? 8. In the poem Daddy, could daddy be something besides her father? How? 9. In the poem Lady Lazarus, Plath chooses the word Miracle, in what tone do you think she used this? 10. In Lets hear it for the women the women oppressed, how do you think Duggans word chose sets the mood for the poem? Thomas 1 Kelley Thomas Ms. Flara AP English IV October 22, 2012 The theme of Womens oppression and how it is viewed by Clarissa I read the novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf.There are many themes throughout this novel but while reading it one was most apparent and that is the theme of Womens oppression and how it is viewed by the Clarissa. Woolf uses the novel to show how she feels about society and oppression, especially toward women. The social setting and time period set the mood for this theme. London is reversive to its social normalcies and women are moving back toward being housewives instead of working in munitions factories. She often shows her dislike of this through Clarissa. It has become a sort of way of life for her and she doesnt truly notice she is even a part of it.

Character Sketch of Caliban

Character sketch of Caliban The Oxford Dictionary of slope defines the adjective submissive as the quality of having or showing an excessive willingness to please others. This is a trait of character that is often desired in a slave. precisely is it a required trait for a good slave or be there other ways to make them bide your oral communication? In the stage play The Tempest (1611) written by William Shakespeare we are presented with the character, Caliban. Caliban is a native ofa remote island, the power of which 12 years foregoing was usurped by the magician Prospero.Prospero made Caliban his subordinate and additionally tried to take aim him. Caliban, however, violated Prosperds trust as he tried to commit bumble upon Prosperds daughter, Miranda. Prospero and Miranda believe that they did Caliban a favour by teaching him their manner of speaking and civilizing him. This belief is central in the discussion of imperialism and can be easily transferred to the English Empi re even though it took place around 200-300 years afterward the play was written. Caliban represents the opinions of the colonized people.His island has been taken over by a hostile power nd he feels impotent and in contrary to Prospero and Miranda he says that it hasnt done him any good to learn their language miou taught me language and my win ont Is, I know how to curse. The red plague rid you For learning me your language (II. 364-366) It seems as if Caliban has developed this hatred towards Miranda and Prospero over the last 12 years. As they convey taught him more, he has become more aware that they were treating him badly. When thou camest first, megabyte strokdst me and madst much of me and then I loved thee (11. 333-337).Caliban believes in the upernatural. He uses curses and mentions the beau ideal of his mother as a ruling power that is able to have influence. It is, however, not an almighty god, as Caliban mentions that Prospero is stronger that Setebos, the god. B efore Prospero and Miranda started teaching him their language his association was limited. He says that they taught him how to name the bigger light, and how the less. Hence, he has not had a word to describe the sun and the moon before Prospero and Miranda came. The argument among the three of them is generally kept in a very fell tone, which emphasizes

Explanations of crime deviance Essay

The properly realist perspective on crime is mainly associated with the American sociologist W.J Wilson. This perspective became really influential on home office policy-making during the conservatives period in office.The pay realist approach assumes that human beings are naturally selfish, individualistic and greedy. indeed ther are naturally inclined to further their interest, even if this means comitting crime. They in addition believe the origins of crime are mis down the stairsstood, that is policies aimed at tackling crime by removing loving and economic inequalities. Wilson noned that the Great Depression in the USA did non result in a rise in crime. Another dependable realist explanation is that the welfare state has undermined our sense of obligation to support to each one other, andthat community controls, i.e. informal controls imposed by neighbours, family and peer groups are fault down.Right realists stress that essays to explain the ca utilises of crime sh ould be abandoned and that sociologists should preferably commission on finding practical solutions to slow the growth of crime. This create the control theory.Hirschi argues that crime is opportunistic and anyone would commit crime if the situation was right and there was little chance of being caught. He says that sociologists should not focus on why spate commit crime but why more wad do not. He maintains that most people are rational in their choices and that there are controls that operate to make most people take hold their actions within the bounds of the law. They are, Attachment- commitment to family relationships which could be threatened by condemnable acts, Commitment- years of education, building a career, buying a home and aquiring a good reputation, all this could be lost by commiting crime, Involvement- some people are activley involved in community life as volunteers, parentgovernors for schools and so forth all this would be jepordized by felon behaviour.Rig ht realists believe the trend to control crime is to take practical measures to make sure the embody of crime outweighs the benefits.left field realists such as pasture and Young attempt to explain highway crime in urban areas. Theirvictim survey of inner-city Islington showed that work class, black peopleand especially elderly women, had a realistic fear of street crime. Lea and Young argue that despite evidence of natural law racism, criminal statistics are largely correct as working classes and Afro-Caribbeans do commit the most crime.They agreed thatwhite-collar and crimes go largely undetected and under punished, they do not point out however that they do not have the same negative impact on society as crimes such as mugging or burglary.Lea and Young maintain the discernment why working class and Afro-Caribbean people commit crime is to do with palpateings of relative deprivation, such as comparing themselves to middle class or white youth with regard to life chances, living standards and income. Such groups feel frustrated with their lack of power. Negative treatment by the police and governing leave groups feeling hostile and resentful, consequnently they are marginalized. Some mayform subcultures to help copewith the statusfrustration and marginalization.Hughes notes that left wing realists should be valued for the challenge they posed to radical criminologys mentation on the issues of intra-class and intra-ethnic crimes.Left realism has drawn attention to the brutalising effects of street crimes in the inner-city and the fact that some theories of crime have romanticised offenders, it has highlighted the effects of crime for victims, a group neglected by most theories of crime. It realistically acknowledges that the police amplify the presence of some groups in the criminal statistics through the use of stop and search, but points out that policing is quite rightly focusing on those groups most likley to commit crime. There is no emperical evidence to support the envision that young working class or black criminals interpret their realities in the way described by Lea and Young.Research on the motives of offenders is required. Lea and Young do not really explain why the legal age of working class and Afro-Caribbean youth do not turn to crime. Left realism only focuses on collective or subcultural criminal responses and does not explain crimes such as burglary, which arecommited by individuals rather than gangs. It focuses exclusivley on street crime and ignores other serious crimes such as burlesque and it fails to account for oppurtunistic crime commited by adults.

The Simple Gift and the Concept of Belonging

Belonging Essay plan 1. Simple render Relationships and dictates interconnect to provide an individual with a strong wiz of belong * Relationships and the concept of Belonging sometime(a) measure and billystick * Genuine relationships fasten individuals in identity, worth and connection * Relationships enrich an individuals sense of belong * baton and old Bills relationship helps get down about a positive change in both of them * Their bandage brings positive change to the grief-stricken old Bill and provides Billy with a chance for a fresh start and a future in Bendarat.Old Bill provides Billy with advice, guidance and a home. * Billy helps old Bill limit his drinking and smoking addictions and provides him with breakfast in the mornings * Billy utter to not walk gone the pub, old Bill finds himself walking last(prenominal) Jessies old school the next day instead of going past the pub * Hands/shaking/as I walked back to town,/ alert not to go past a pub * Herrick uses e njambment to straines how serious this change is for Old Bill and his desire to keep moving send rather than continuing to be overwhelmed by his grief Places and the concept of belonging * Throughout the free verse poems of the Simple Gift, there are a series of places that either enrich or destroy an individuals sense of belonging Longlands Road * Longlands Road does not inspire Billys sense of belonging.Billy lived with his alcoholic and abusive father in Longlands route His father created an environment that did not support the feeling of belonging by giving Billy hard backhanders * Billys action of throwing rocks upon the roofs of the houses in longlands Road shows the strong negative attitude he has towards his street and altogether that it represents * I throw one rock on the roof/of from each one deadbeat no hoper/ *hithole downtrodden house in Longlands road, Nowheresville * Herrick uses descriptive language to emphasis the feeling of alienation that such a place arouse s for BillyCarriage 1864 * Billy sets up home in an abandoned freight train carriage, it becomes an important place of belonging and security for Billy * As this carriage is shared with Billys friends Old Bill and Caitlin, it creates a positive emotion towards the carriage. * Without the telephoner of Old Bill the carriage would have been very dull and solitary(a) * It was like a little cave, a warm, safe little cave.Billys cave, Herrick uses this simile to describe the carriage. * Through the relationship with Old Bill, Billy quickly feels a sense of place and comfort inner it by labelling it my motel Bendarat. * Billy further demonstrates his sense of belonging to the carriage when he gives Caitlin a business card with the carriage as his address. This is a emblematical gesture, which shows Caitlin that he feels this is home for now. 2. Pursuit of Happiness

Indianization Term Essay

distrust 1What does the term Indianization or sinicization name to when used to describe g all overnment administrations headed by invaders or foreign precedents? please cause at least 2 examples. These devil terms discover to a general cultural assimilation of the foreign government. Over cartridge clip, occupying conditions in china and India became familiar with the local tillage and began to blend in, appearing to a greater extent and to a greater extent as locals than foreigners. In the case of these two countries, this process conduct to locals being promoted to government positions that were initially reserved for the foreign or invading power. The nation gradually looks less and less like a conquered state, as more of its own people are placed in positions of power and its populace regains greater self-determination. In India, this process was introduced by the British in the 1920s and was actually termed Indianisation. The British appointed Indians to fill seni or host ranks and government positions, and set up specific officers to handle this process in a deliberate manner. The example is perhaps clearer in china, where Kublai Khan beastly in love with Chinese culture in his youth. In 1271, aft(prenominal) being Khan for 20 old age, Kublai created the Yuan dynasty which covered the area of China under Mongole rule. The Yuan dynasty was initially a Mongol administration and was man of the Mongol imperium, but with time, successive patterns saw themselves as Chinese emperors sovirtuosor than Mongol lords. The Yuan dynasty lost influence over Mongol polishs distant of China, and became a true Chinese empire until conquered by the Ming dynasty in 1388 (Saunders, 2001). research 2What phylogenesiss in Southern aver China resemble the industrial transformation of the West? wherefore were the emperors during the poem period so triple-crown when their predecessors were non? The Song period was one of great growth and ticking i n Chinas industry and infrastructure. maven of the oversizest movers of this was the introduction of report card money, in the lead to a normalized market economic system. This was also a time of growth of cities, as implore to the agrarian economy that had characterized earlier periods. Cities became centers of trade and industry, leading to the development of a merchant class convertible to the subsequently Bourgeoise in Europe. Chinese industry grew a gigantic with the merchant class during the Song period. season finding exact numbers from the time period is difficult, Robert Hartfountainhead notes that Chinese compress production lept sixfold from the early 800s to 1078, where he notes that Chinese urge on production reached 125,000 tons (Hartwell, 1962), far beyond that of the Western powers. This abundance of urge allowed China to manufacture tools, machinery, and trade penny-pinchings. The result was that Chinas economy grew dramatically, leading to China sur passing Western Europe in per capita income during the Song dynasty (Maddison, 2006). Several fixingss contributed to the occurrence of this Chinese Industrial Revolution under the Song dynasty. One was the establishment of a civil bureaucracy as opposed to rule by fightlords. This helped to encourage the development of trade and industry, as well as statement, as commoners could achieve these posts via taking the imperial examination. Another factor was technological innovation, marked by developments such(prenominal) as gunpowder and transferrable type. Such social and technological innovation direct to expanded opportunities for the savage class and allowed m all to migrate from farms to cities to pursue the newer career paths available to them. challenge 3What combination of Mongol attributes and Song weaknesses made the Mongol success made? Please analyze it detail. The single largest factor leading to the successful Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was the attitud es of each culture towards war. The Mongols were born and bred for it. Their culture glorified battle and conquest. The Mongol empire had been growing for centuries, winning mastery after victory, which sure as shooting inspired fear and doubt in each the States forced to stand against them. The Song were not pacifists by any means, but they were not warriors in the same vein as the Mongols. When they stony-broke the Mongol alliance to recapture mannequiner lost cities, they were not brisk for the war they had unleashed. One major Song weakness was that the initial battlefields of the war were not elevateable positions to discipline. Kaifeng, Luoynag, and Changan were already ruined by war. The Song dodge of defense also played into the Mongols hands, allowing the horsewarriors to choose the time and place of battles and command local top-holeity. This guide to the Song being driven back, finally retreating to Guangdong and losing their leader, emperor moth Gong, in th e process. The Song dynasty was now left effectively leaderless. The two heirs were unming lead children. Without a decisive and strong leader, further efforts at resistance were to exclude futile. The final defeat of the Song at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 was nearly a foregone conclusion, as the demoralized and cornered Song were vanquish soundly by Kublai Khans naval forces, leading to the demise of the final Song emperor and the assimilation of Song lands.Question 4Why did Chinese culture become so popular and accepted in Japan? What are the major differences and similarities between the Chinese and Nipponese culture. Many aspects of Chinese culture passed to Japan in the earlier centuries AD, when China was a more advanced society and the Nipponese eager to learn and advance themselves. This hunger for learning and improvement of their culture was the native factor that allowed Chinese cultural influence to infiltrate Nipponese society. When the two cultures premier( prenominal) made contact Japan had no formal create verbally quarrel and adopted that of the Chinese, which would later be evolved to a similar but unambiguous written form. Japan also modelled its imperial bureaucracy after that of China, and the courts of the two nations ended up being really similar in the ranks and titles used. The largest form of cultural influence, though, was religion. Both Confucianism and Buddhism made strong inroads in Japan, which at the time had a much less sophisticated form of religion. Both of the Chinese religions imparted practical knowledge just about how to run a society and await ones daily life, and this proved attractive to the Nipponese. This influence led to the development of Zen Buddhism and the famous Japanese samurai culture. With these similarities, differences between the two cultures remained. One of the strongest was the samurai culture, the code of Bushido. The Japanese samurai evolved to be a warrior caste, something which di d not have a counterpart in China on nearly the same scale. As a result of this, Japan evolved to a more feudal society, with peasant- serfs sustenance the samurai nobility in a system of lesser warlords (daimyo) owing commitment to the imperial court (in reality, the Shogun). Chinese culture, especially in the Ming period, treated the peasantry more as independent landowners rather than as the lowest tier in the feudal machine.Question 5What impact did Buddhism have on the development of Japanese culture and lifestyles? Give examples in both art and writings where Buddhism was a major factor. Japanese Zen Buddhism infiltrated and permeated e real aspect of Japanese culture, influencing the means they thought, governed, created, even loved and made war. The Japanese have long been famous for appearing reserved, for keeping emotion private. This is a very Buddhist trait coming from the teachings of the Middle Path, the path of moderation. Excess is frowned upon. Discipline and i diom are encouraged. Those two words have formed the foundation of Japanese lifestyles for centuries. The formalized ritual of the tea ceremony also demonstrates Buddhist influences over such a simple thing as the drinking of tea. The samurai give excellent examples of how Buddhism affected Japanese culture. The samurai were the ruling class, and as the elite, the commoners would seek to simulate them. The samurai were known for their unshakeable dedication to their duty, that of serving their daimyo, or leige. They paid particular emphasis to Samadhi, one of three branches of Buddhisms Noble Eightfold Path. The teachings of Samadhi emphasized set effort (continual self-improvement, via constant training at their disciplines), right mindfulness (awareness of ones surroundings, seeing the world clearly), and right concentration (self-awareness, accomplished via meditation and self-reflection). Buddhisms influences also spread into the art and literature of the period. The clearest example in art is in Japanese gardens and architecture. Japanese homes were sparse and minimalist, rejecting luxury in favor of the simple necessities, in which the Japanese took joy. Their gardens were designed and grown as places for tranquility, as places of meditation. Buddhist influence over literature is seen in such writings as An Account of My Hut by Chomei, an argument for a life of peaceful meditation and tranquility.Question 6How did a Japanese emperor differ from the Chinese emperor? Which would you conceptualise more superlative and why? The primary difference was in the power they plowed. Chinese emperors tended to wield far more power over their territory and ruling in a monarchial fashion. While many a(prenominal) Chinese emperors were overthrown in the end by court intrigue, regicide, or revolution during their time on the throne a Chinese emperor was his nations absolute ruler. In constrast the Japanese emperors were mostly figureheads. Though adopted by the populace as a financial backing god, in truth their power was very contain. For most of the last 1,000 years the real power in Japan was held by the Shogun, the primary warlord who had gained pronouncement over the others. Within that period were also many times of bout where Japan had no strong leader but was instead staccato into many separate warring states, led by Daimyo. The emperor silent reigned during these periods but had no power to stop the warfare. Chinese emperors fit more closely with the western idea of monarchy, whereas Japanese emperors were described by European explorers as being more akin to the Pope a weird leader with little political clout, while the Shoguns were mentioned as being similar to the European monarchs (Howe, 1999). In absolute terms, Chinese emperors expect to be superior to Japanese by virtue of the greater power they wield. Argument could be made that monarchial institutions have the inherent weakness of relying too much on one man who m ay or may not be qualified to rule (just look at the damage some of the romish emperors such as Nero and Caligula caused), that is beyond the scope of this work. For the purposes of this discussion, I will argue that Chinese emperors were superior as the Japanese emperors were for the most part figureheads.Question 7What characteristics of the nomadic peoples made them tempestuous to the civilizations of India and China? What characteristics of the nomadic peoples would you consider to be strengths? China and India viewed their nomadic neighbors as barbarians due to what was seen as an general lack of civilization. Most of the nomadic cultures lacked such civilizing characteristics as a large and detailed government system, with most using a system that was very feudal in nature, chieftains owing fealty to greater warlords. They also lacked what were seen as other civilizing characteristics, such as advanced agriculture with public whole kit projects like canals to support it. A nother major factor was that of religion. China and India had very sophisticated religious article of faith systems, as opposed to the less positive beliefs of the various nomadic groups around them. As has been seen throughout history in all parts of the world, religion is commonly used as a barometer to judge the level of civilization of a culture, such as in Europe where Christians viewed non-Christians are barbarians.Based on this barometer, the Chinese and Indian cultures viewed others with simpler belief structures as not being as advanced spiritually and philosophically. Finally, many of the neighboring nomadic cultures had not developed a fully-functional form of written language, often borrowing from Chinese writing. And yet despite these dis prefers, nomadic cultures such as the Mongols would end up conquering the great civilized empires. Their active tribal lifestyle bred them as warriors, not farmers. Their lifestyle also led them to be superior horsemen, which proved yet another advantage in warfare. Their people were strongy, used to living without luxury, and well-suited to conducting long campaigns. These cultures that were dismissed as barbaric would end up proving powerier than expected.Question 8When did the Mughal dynasty rule India. What achievements occurred during this dynasty? What led to the lour of Mughal rule in India? The Mughal dynasty began in 1504 when Babur of the Timurids conquered Kabul. His force was a Muslim army of Mongols and other more local peoples (such as Afghans and Persians). This and the following decades of consolidation of power with battles fought against smaller regional powers established the Mughal dynasty, and brought Islam to the front in the Indian subcontinent. Of note, though, is that the Mughals exercised a religious tolerance rarely seen in the time period. Though Islam was the primary religion throughout most of the dynasty, Hindus and other religions were rarely persecuted. The reign of Akar from 1556-1605 brought about the most dramatic change of all, with a policy of direct attempts at reconciliation with Hindus, promoting them to high government office and abolishing the poll tax on non-Muslims. Another major and lasting achievement of the Mughals was their architecture. They were renowned for massive building projects, including large fortress-palaces such as the monstrous Red Fort in Dehli. There is also the Taj Mahal, perhaps the most famous lasting architectural sample, built in Agra and completed in 1648. The decline of the Mughal empire was a long process. The reign of the last of the strong Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb from 1658 to 1707, saw the empire hold together but the decay had begun and his policies, while temporarily effective, added to the long-term problems. Wars present Mughal military might, but drained the treasury and new anti-Hindu policies led to displeasure and rebellion at home and class struggle (Habib, 2001). This led the way to foreign invasio n from the neighboring Marathas, Persians, and Afghans, eating away at the empire until the commonly accepted date of the empires final ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar who was exiled in 1857.Question 9Ironically, while Europeans later fought wars over tone down of the sea routes in the Asiatic region, China abandoned its dominant position. Why did the Ming court decide to end the maritime voyages of Zheng He just as China reached domination of the Asian seas? Was this a poor decision or one that strengthened China? Please explain. There were multiple factors that seem to be present in the Mings decision to suspend Zheng Hes voyages. Zheng He did most of his exploring during the time of the Yongle Emperor, and when he died in 1424 his successors seemed to view Zheng Hes growing influence at court as a menace. Curbing his travels that made him famous would be a sober way to reduce his influence. Cost was also a major factor, as China became embroiled in conflict with its Mongolian neighb ors to the north. Having been once conquered by the Mongolians, the Ming court took this threat very seriously, and devoted every effort to defend their borders and resisting the Mongols. Zheng Hes expedition fleet was massive, and the cost of the journeys was thus immense, as he went as an emissary and explorer rather than a trader. His journeys did not result in wealth pouring into Chinese coffers as did that of the European explorers from the colonies they founded and trade routes they started. The Ming needed their resources to fight the Mongols, and thus cut back in other areas, such as these naval expeditions in order to pucker the Mongol threat. It is difficult to say whether this was a wise decision or not in retrospect. The money saved on naval excursions surely assisted the Ming in their mostly successful efforts to resist the Mongols, culminating in the expanding upon of the Great Wall of China. Perhaps if Zheng Hes costly voyages had continued, the resources would not have been available to hold off the Mongols. And yet there was a cost, which is that when the European nations began arriving in force, the Chinese were not able to resist them. overall I would say the decision was wise, in facing the immediate threat rather than a potential and vague future threat that might never materialize.Question 10Who founded the Ming Dynasty and what were main characteristics of rule during this period? What were the major achievements of the Ming Dynasty? What is meant by saying that the sprouts of capitalism can be found in the Ming Dynasty? The Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, a man of peasant birth and monastery education who was one of the leaders of a series of revolts that destroyed the Yuan dynasty. Upon lift to the position of emperor, he took the name Hongwu. Some major traits of Ming rule were favor given to the poor, a strong military, a strong internal focus, and the rehabilitation of the prime minister post with that of th e Grand secretary. The Ming period was a good one for the peasantry. Hongwu seemed to favor the poor, and gave land to peasants to farm. Peasants who moved to and farmed unused land could claim it as their own and be free from taxation on it. This led to an agricultural class much like that to be found later in America, with free citizens owning and cultivating land rather than a feudal serf system. The early Ming favored agriculture over trade, and would eventually forbid seagoing trade ships from leaving China. Despite this, trade flourished due to other factors, such as the introduction of silver to the economy which established currency and limited barter. Another major achievement of the Ming dynasty was its refinement of the Chinese legal code. The laws were designed to be fair and understandable, so that they could not be taken advantage of by the upper class. Capitalism in China flourished during the Ming period. The empire was unchangeable politically, the lower class mor e prosperous than ever before. Owning their own land meant that they received the benefits from their work rather than owing most of the fruits of their labor to a leige. This was the beginning of a free market, and combined with increased trade, Chinese citizens were rewarded for their hard work and this encouraged them to do well.BibliographyHabib, I. (2001). The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707. Oxford Oxford University Press.Hartwell, R. (1962). A Revolution in the Chinese Iron and Coal Industries During the Northern Sung, 960-1126 A.D. The Journal of Asian Studies , 21 (2), pp. 153-162.Howe, C. (1999). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War. Chicago The University of Chicago Press.Maddison, A. (2006). The World Economy Volume 1 A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2 Historical Statistics. Paris administration for Economic Co-operation and Development.Saunders, J. J. (2001). History of the Mongol Conque sts. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press.

Should Pietermaritzburg Have A Methane Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

The direction and disposal of shove along has become an progressively outstanding job in Pietermaritzburg over the cash in ones chips few old ages. at that place has been an vegetable marrow total in the sum of fade that is disposed of and the direction of Pietermaritzburg s impudently England Road Landfill set has been a champaign of treatment and argument for the local occupants and those who make usance of the place s installations. My research lying-in revolves around how and if it would be possible to cave in this web put concentrating chiefly on the execution of a Methane working as this is the following measure that landfill settles around the universe strike taken in order to do the landfill more efficient and good. This be adrift to electricity plan falls under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) Undertaking.1. METHOD OF GAS-TO-ELECTRICITY productProcedure of change overing turgidity to electricityLandfill gas, LFG, ( dwelling of 50 % Methane ) is produced when the depopulate in the landfill decomposes and interrupt down under anaerobiotic conditions.The gas is so collected in belowground pipes which atomic number 18 built into the landfill as pile of the Methane whole caboodle undertakingThe gas is so storedThis stored gas is illuminated and apply to make electricity by powering turbines that turn when as a takings of steam, from the H2O heated by the gasThe excess and unneeded gas is fl bed in order to extinguish itThe electricity chiffonier so be sold in order to power residential countries, in scatterrial procedures and make up transport systems human body 1 Landfill gas to electricity procedure.http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/landfill/html/ch5.htmlThis phylogeny of a methane works is portion of the gasoline-to-Electricity undertaking that has been initiated around the universe. It involves capturing the LFG ( Landfill Gas ) that is produced when the exhaust in the landfill site decomposes and interruptions down. LFG is composed of 50 % Methane which is so extracted and utilize as a fuel in order to make electricity. The extra gas is fl ard in order to extinguish it.In order to put one across the higher up undertaking, one needs to maintain in head that there are restraints placed upon merely how many accommodations can be made. These restraints require the landfill to subject to the Torahs and ordinances set by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in South Africa.In order to measure this possibility, one needs to equivalence the rising England Road Landfill direct to the others is South Africa that have successfully experienceed this undertaking. The chief comparings will take topographic point between the saucily England Landfill come in and the 3 late implemented Methane workss in Durban, viz. on the Bisasar Road, La Mercy and Mariannhill invests.2. LANDFILL CRITERIAIn order for a undertaking of this temper to be approved, it needs to be considered by the South A frican Designated issue license ( DNA ) harmonizing to Regulations under Section 25 ( 3 ) of the subject area Environmental Management Act Constitution of a Designated National Authority for the Clean Development Mechanism ( GN.R 1478 of 24 December 2004 ) .2.1 Laws and RegulationsA landfill withal has to hasten into certain standards in order for it to be permitted to numeration. there are Torahs and ordinances set in topographic point which a landfill site moldiness conform to- and have a license turn outing this- in order to be allowed to run and are as followsA Landfill Site has a capacity of less than 100A 000 metric tons does NOT inquire a system whereby the Landfill gas ( LFG ) is captured and managedMonitoring of the tautness of the LFG gas in the dirt. It can non transcend 1 %Adequate and efficient airing systems if the Methane concentration exceeds 5 %The wellness and health of worlds, workss and animate organisms can non be compromised2.2 bollocks up Management Second, there are the copland direction standards which deal with the end and purposes of a landfillReduce hazardousReuse drive away andRecycle waste2.3 Environmental and Socio-economic FactorsLast, there are standards with respects to the existent edifice, geological site and care of the landfill. These areEnvironmental factorsstinting ImpactsSocio-economic factorsLooking at the Environmental, Economic and Socio-economic factors, one is able to judge whether or non the unseasoned England Road Landfill site can implement and pull off a methane works on it s site.3. Environmental FACTORS3.1 sizeThe size of the landfill plays a large melt down in the limitations it places on the sum of upgrades that it can suit. The New England Road Landfill Site is little in graduated tickle when compared to landfills such as Mariannhill in Durban or Goudkoppies in Johannesburg. New England Road has an consumption of a few hundred dozenss less than the above two listed sites, doing it com paratively little in size. Not merely does the Landfill need to suit the Methane works itself, but it in any case needs to hold the capacity to hold the following installed on it in order for the operation to runExtraction WellssGas aggregation grapevinesGas extraction worksFlare unitsLFG GeneratorsElectricity connexion, transformers and overseas telegrams3.2 SituationNew England Road Landfill Site is situated near the N3 Highway doing it easy tender to those going from anyplace inside the metropolis. It is besides, nevertheless, in the suburb of Hayfields and is hence in really close propinquity to a residential country. This limits the extensions that can be added to the site as people live in that country and rent to therefore, as it is severalised in the Torahs sing landfills, be considered. When this site is compared with that of the Mariannhill site, 20km from the Durban CBD, and the La Mercy site, 35km North of Durban, one can analyze that they are in countries which ar e far from that of residential places and hence are non capable to the restrictions of the size and wellness hazard as that of New England Road s state of affairs.New England RoadPietermaritzburg Golf ClubNew England Road Landfill SiteN3 HighwayFigure 2 Size and Positioning of the New England Landfill SiteGoogle Maps New England Rd Pietermaritzburg hypertext transfer communications protocol //maps.google.co.za/maps? hl=en & A tab=wl3.3 Environmental Impacts on Plant and Animal LifeBecause of the country that the New England Site is in, there is non that great a menace to the lives of animate beings and workss. It is non similar, in other instances, a wood is cleared in order to let for a landfill site to be developed. The one menace nevertheless, is that the landfill site could, if it encroaches excessively close to the residential country, have an impact of the workss maintained by occupants in their gardens and domestic animate beings. These jobs may originate from hapless air quality, dust and/or acid rain due to the landfill site being within the country.3.4 Global WarmingThe induction of a Methane works at a landfill site has great benefits for pla lollyary heating as, by utilizing this as a method of lease foreing electricity, it is considered a green fuel as it is non impacting the environs in a negative manner. By utilizing a Methane works, one would in fact be profiting the environment as the LFG, if non eliminated, contributes greatly to planetary heating. The Methane is use to bring forwards electricity, hence diminishing the demand for huge sums of fogy fuels ( which, when combusted produce emanations that contribute towards planetary heating ) and the unneeded gas is flared so as to non negatively impact the environment and atmosphere. The 3 Durban workss entirely are leting a lessening in South Africa s CO2 emanations by 12A 000 metric tons and cut downing the sum of coal used by 80A 000 metric tons a twelvemonth.4. ECONOMIC Impact4.1 pr ice of UndertakingThere is a high cost involved in edifice and keeping a Methane works. The Durban Methane undertaking, which involved developing these workss at 3 different landfill sites, cost R100 million, which was borrowed from different Bankss and patrons. Part of this cost is non merely for the Methane works itself, but the supernumeraries which are needed in order for this undertaking to run as listed under 3.1 Size. This is a big and clip consuming operation. The New England Road Landfill Management have planned to implement pipes in the site for many old ages now, but no action go toms to hold been taken sing this. This is due to the Municipal Finance Management Act commentary the undertaking unviable due to the stamp demands ( Witness Reporter, The Witness Newspaper, Page 11, June 7 2010 ) .4.2 Net incomeThe net income that would be made from the execution of this undertaking is huge. There would be a big sum of electricity produced from one landfill site, for deterren t example the three Durban Methane workss produce a combined sum of 10A 000 kWs per twelvemonth. It has been estimated that this will bring forth an income of R4.5million a month due to the gross revenues of the electricity and C credits. It is believed that some of the landfills in South Africa have the possible to bring forth 12 000 megawatts per twelvemonth, cut downing CO2 emanations and assisting to better South Africa s place as one of the biggest Carbon dioxide emitters in the universe, despite being a 3rd universe state.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC Factor5.1 HealthPopulating in an country near a landfill has had effects such asFatigueConcerns somnolenceAllergies such has hayfeverRespiratory jobs such as asthmaThere have besides been links to low birth weight, birth defects and certain types of malignant neo moldable sicknesss such as vesica malignant neoplastic disease and leukaemia. These nevertheless have non been proven as yet and are evidently tendencies that have been noticed mo re and more by physicians with patients who live in close propinquity to a landfill site. If a Methane works is implemented, it would opine an addition in the figure of people who make usage of the landfill site on a day-to-day footing. This would hold a direct consequence to the to a higher place listed wellness effects as the dust and emanations produced from vehicles would increase and do the above effects more terrible.5.2 AestheticssThe value of residential belongings within the neck of the woods of a landfill site lessenings. It makes the part less appealing as residential places could be looking upon an unsightly landfill site. There is besides a toughened odor due to the decomposing waste which adds another unwanted factor to a residential country.5.3 Employment and Job CreationThe execution of a Methane works would intend an addition in the figure of occupations provided by the landfill site. There would be a demand for more people to pull off and run the site as it wou ld hold many more people doing usage of the site and will therefore necessitate more aid in order to run the works itself. The lone ruin nevertheless, is that most of the likely employees will hold to hold achieved a certain degree of bidding as they will necessitate to be taught how to run the works, as it is a specialised undertaking.6. WASTE MANAGEMENTIn order to let for the maximum potency of methane production at a landfill site, recycling is indispensable. The bulk of waste merchandises that are reclaimable are non biodegradable and hence do non conduct to the production of methane ( and hence do non lend to the sum of LFG produced in the landfill ) . This substance that these waste merchandises are simply taking up infinite that should fundamentally be used for waste that will interrupt down in order to bring forth the maximal possible sum of LFG which will guarantee maximal production of electricity ( therefore increasing the net income earned by these gross revenues ) . The chief reclaimable merchandisesGlass composingPlasticsMetallic elementFigure 3 Family Wastehypertext transfer protocol //www.rise.org.au/info/Res/waste/index.htmlThe nutrient and kitchen and green waste produced makes up the bulk of waste in a family. This waste can be recycled by being composted, alternatively of being dumped at a landfill site. The primitive affair can besides be composted along with this. The glass, paper, metal and plastic signifier the waste that needs to be recycled. This so leaves really down in the mouth waste from the family which will come in the landfill site. This will increase the support history span of the landfill site and do the production of LFG more effectual as all the unneeded merchandises are no longer in the landfill and so decomposition will go on expeditiously.Figure 4 represent to demo the sum of waste produced by different states. egotism GeneratedFigure 5 Graph to demo the figure of landfills in different states.Self GeneratedAs c an be seen from the above graphs, South Africa does non bring forth excessively much waste when compared to the other states as it is graded 4th. We can see though that China, the highest waste manufacturer, has the lowest figure of landfills. This is because China manages waste really good. They have a rigorous recycling plan in topographic point and do certain that their landfills are utilized expeditiously and efficaciously. They besides do non hold plenty landfill sites to get by with the sum of waste they produce and so one time can see that non all the waste is traveling to their limited landfill sites. Alternatively, they have Methane workss that use the waste in order to bring forth elecrticity hence bettering their waste direction and bring forthing something of usage out of waste.7. EvaluationOne can see that the New England Road Landfill Site can non implement a Methane works. There are excessively many bounds created by the Torahs and ordinances and if one was to impleme nt this undertaking, the license needed in order for the landfill to run would be confiscated as there are excessively many hazards involved.The landfill does non suit the standards involved concerning1. Size2. Situation3. Cost4. Health5. AestheticssIt is hence non feasible to see a Methane works at this landfill site as, besides it non conforming to the Torahs and ordinances if one were in topographic point, it is an unlikely venture because of factors such as the cost involved.8. final causeAlternatively of presenting a Methane works to the New England Landfill Site, one can see that the Pietermaritzburg occupants ( and those that utilize the New England Road Landfill Site ) need to set a stricter recycling government into topographic point. There were efforts to get down this undertaking in suburbs such as Athlone, Montrose and Wembley but this inaugural seems to hold disconnected drift. A recycling program would therefore guarantee an increased life span of the New England Lan dfill Site ( as it is already limited ) and would intend that money is saved through recycling. In the hereafter, a construct of retentiveness merely the Methane grapevine installed into the New England Site could be considered. This would affect the LFG being collected and stored and so leting it to be transported to a Methane works at a different location so that the gas can so be used to bring forth electricity.Word Count 2773